From Joe Carter @ http://www.evangelicaloutpost.com
Figures of Reasoning
A Fortiori -- "To the stronger," or "even more so. " We are bound to accept an a fortiori claim because of our prior acceptance of a weaker application of the same reasoning or truth.
- Matthew 18:12-14 -- The Greatest Pursuits
- Luke 13:10-17 -- Rebecca Writes
- Luke 15 -- The Greatest Pursuits
- John 18:33-38 -- Allthings2all
- Mt. 7:7-11 and Luke 11:5-11 -- A Physicist's Perspective
- Luke 6:1-5 -- Rebecca Writes
Aetiologia -- A figure of reasoning by which one attributes a cause for a statement or claim made.
- John 18:33-38 -- Allthings2all
Anthypophora -- A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers one's own questions.
- Luke 4:14-32 -- The Crusty Curmudgeon
- Mark 2:18-22 -- Citizen Z
- Luke 15 -- The Greatest Pursuits
Appeal to Authority
- Wittenberg Gate, "Jesus the Logician: Appeals to Authority"
Appeal to Evidence
- John 5:18-47 -- The Bible Archive
Anacephalaeosis -- A recapitulation of the facts.
- John 6:63-65 -- The Bible Archive
Apophasis -- The rejection of several reasons why a thing should or should not be done and affirming a single one, considered most valid.
Argument from Analogy
- 21:28-32 -- Parableman
Commoratio -- Dwelling on or returning to one's strongest argument.
Contrarium -- Juxtaposing two opposing statements in such a way as to prove the one from the other.
Dirimens copulatio -- A figure by which one balances one statement with a contrary, qualifying statement.
Enthymeme -- The informal method of reasoning typical of rhetorical discourse. A truncated syllogism.
- Mark 2: 1-12 -- Citizen Z
- Matthew 10:40-42 -- Parableman
Expeditio -- After enumerating all possibilities by which something could have occurred, the speaker eliminates all but one.
- Mark 12:18-27; Matt 22:23-34; Luke 20:27-40 -- Parableman
- John 9:1-3 -- Parableman
- 8:3-11 -- ...in the outer...
- Jollyblogger, "Jesus and the Law of Non-Contradiction"
Paromologia -- Admitting a weaker point in order to make a stronger one.
- Mark 12:18-27; Matt 22:23-34; Luke 20:27-40 -- Parableman
- Mark 2:13-17 -- Citizen Z
Proecthesis -- When, in conclusion, a justifying reason is provided.
Prosapodosis -- Providing a reason for each division of a statement, the reasons usually following the statement in parallel fashion.
Ratiocinatio -- Reasoning (typically with oneself) by asking questions.
Reductio ad absurdum -- is a type of logical argument where we assume a claim for the sake of argument, arrive at an absurd result, and then conclude the original assumption must have been wrong, since it gave us this absurd result.
- Mark 12:18-27; Matt 22:23-34; Luke 20:27-40 -- Parableman
Sorites -- A chain of claims and reasons which build upon one another. Concatenated enthymemes.
- Matthew 9:2-7, Mark 2:3-12, Luke 5:18-25 -- The Greatest Pursuits
- Mark 2:18-22 -- Citizen Z
Syllogismus --The use of a remark or an image which calls upon the audience to draw an obvious conclusion.
- John 3:14-18 -- The Bible Archive
Figures of Ethos
Anamnesis -- Calling to memory past matters. More specifically, citing a past author from memory. Anamnesis helps to establish ethos, since it conveys the idea that the speaker is knowledgeable of the received wisdom from the past.
- Matthew 4:1-10 -- RazorsKiss
- Matthew 22:15-22 -- The Wardrobe Door
- Matthew 12:22-29 -- The Wardrobe Door
- John 14:8-11 -- The Wardrobe Door
- Luke 7:36-50 -- The Wardrobe Door
Aetiologia -- A figure of reasoning by which one attributes a cause for a statement or claim made.
"I mistrust not the judges, for they are just.""So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also. For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek." -- Romans 1:15-16
Anthypophora -- A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers one's own questions.
"But there are only three hundred of us," you object. Three hundred, yes, but men, but armed, but Spartans, but at Thermoplyae: I have never seen three hundred so numerous." -- Seneca
Apophasis -- The rejection of several reasons why a thing should or should not be done and affirming a single one, considered most valid.
"Seeing that this land was mine, you must show that either you did possess it, being empty, or made it your own by use, or purchase, or else that it came to you by inheritance. You could not possess it empty when I was in possession. Also, you cannot make it your by use or custom. You have no deed to prove your purchase of it; I being alive it could not descend upon you by inheritance. It follows then that you would put me from my own land before I am dead." -- John Smith
Commoratio -- Dwelling on or returning to one's strongest argument.
Contrarium -- Juxtaposing two opposing statements in such a way as to prove the one from the other.
"Are we afraid to fight those on the plains whom we have hurled down from the hills?"
Dirimens copulatio -- A figure by which one balances one statement with a contrary, qualifying statement.
Enthymeme -- The informal method of reasoning typical of rhetorical discourse. A truncated syllogism.
"We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past."
In this enthymeme, the major premise of the complete syllogism is missing:
Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted. (Major premise - omitted) This man has perjured himself in the past. (Minor premise - stated) This man is not to be trusted. (Conclusion - stated)
Expeditio -- After enumerating all possibilities by which something could have occurred, the speaker eliminates all but one.
"You either made, purchased, or stole the bomb. Since you lack the intelligence to make it and the funds to purchase it, it can only be that you have stolen it."
Paromologia -- Admitting a weaker point in order to make a stronger one.
Proecthesis -- When, in conclusion, a justifying reason is provided.
"I will have mercy, and not sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance." -- Matt. 9:13
Prosapodosis -- Providing a reason for each division of a statement, the reasons usually following the statement in parallel fashion.
"Yes, I may have been a petty thief, but I am no felon."
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